Laurence M. Hauptmans Between Two Fires American Indians...

The American Civil War tore apart many American lives. These people lost loved ones, had to endure the pains of those who lost limbs, and deal with emotional needs. However American lives were not the only ones that suffered and fought the war. American Indians served for both the North and the South during the Civil War. There reasons was to what they could gain from the side the chose, pride for the land they lived in, and to Indians did not have much going for them at the time. From generals to privets they stood there ground and fought with pride. Laurence M. Hauptman tells their story in his book Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War Indians have fought in every war from the Battle of Oriskany in 1777 to the Gulf†¦show more content†¦Watie and his followers continued to fight for the South. The focus is turned to the Pamunkey of Virginia and the Lumbee of North Carolina. These tribes did not like the white supremacist attitude and served for the benefit of the North. The Pamunkey worked as river boat pilots for General McClellans Army during the Peninsula campaign in 1862. The Lumbees were fighting the Confederate Home Guard during Shermans Carolina campaign. Both Pamunkey and the Lumbee thought themselves as avengers to people of color. In Mr. Hauptman book he writes of how important the Eastern Band of Cherokee and the Catawba of South Carolina were to the Confederacy. The Cherokee had over four hundred men led by William Holland Thomas, a white man who had been adopted by the Cherokee when he was a child. With Thomass leadership they prevented Union attacks along Confederate communication and rail links. They also intimated Union supporters in east Tennessee and western North Carolina. The Cherokees did so well that they were allowed to keep some land in western North Carolina along the Tennessee border. The Catawba were dependent on whites and became the first to join the South as infantrymen. They also worked to capture runaway slaves trying to make their way North. The Indians in the Northeast join the North mostly because of dependency on the white man and out of a since of loyalty they served as union sharpshooters most of

Is Euthanasia Immoral Essay - 1690 Words

Is Euthanasia Immoral? Mr. Blackburn Inquiry Skills 2 Dec. 1996 In todays society there are many disagreements about the rights and wrongs of euthanasia. Although death is unavoidable for human beings, suffering before death is unbearable not only for terminal patients but for the family members and friends. Euthanasia comes from the Greek word Thanatos meaning death and the prefix eu meaning easy or good (Russell 94). Thus, eu- Thanatos meaning easy or good death. Euthanasia is a better choice for terminal patients than suicide. In our society, suicide is always traumatic for families and friends. If there is no alternative to relieve the suffering of terminal patients, then the more humane option†¦show more content†¦After about five minutes, the machine delivered a lethal dose of potassium chloride(Levine 115). Some people think that euthanasia is not acceptable in our society because of a variety of reasons. Many who oppose of euthanasia fear that if it were to be legalized then many people would die needlessly and murders in so- called mercy killings would run rampant(Satris 262). Others believe that since we are the property of God then we should wait until He is ready to receive us(Russell 93). Many churches and religious groups oppose euthanasia stating that the sixth commandment Thou Shalt Not Kill also extends to euthanasia. But this also raises many questions. Why do these churches and religious groups specifically target euthanasia as horrific killing when there is war in this world. Every day countries send troops to kill and to be killed, but these religious groups seem to ignore these problems(Russell 93). Many medical doctors also oppose euthanasia. They say that assisted suicide violates ones will to survive and that it violates our dignity. They believe that one of our natu ral human goals is to survive and if we practice euthanasia, then that goal is destroyed(Satris 258). When doctors receive their license to practice medicine they have to take the Hippocratic Oath. This oath says that I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody when asked forShow MoreRelatedEssay on Euthanasia: Unethical And Immoral2106 Words   |  9 Pagesmedical condition, euthanasia should not be an end of life choice. But what is euthanasia or doctor-assisted suicide? Euthanasia is defined as the bringing about of a gentle and easy death for a person suffering from a painful incurable disease, while Suicide on the other hand, is the intentional killing of oneself. Doctor-assisted suicide combines both of these definitions with the idea of a physician helping a terminally ill patient to die. Doctors can perform euthanasia by giving a patientRead MoreWhat Makes A Human Being A Person?937 Words   |  4 Pagessmall topics of Bioethical issues is euthanasia and whether or not it is okay for anyone to partake in it. Euthanasia is the act of either passively or actively taking a person’s live. Another type of euthanasia is called voluntary euthanasia, which could also be called assisted suicide. It is morally okay to take person’s life if they asked for help. Therefore, euthanasia is morally okay. What makes a human a person plays a role in the moral judgement of euthanasia because it is up to the person whoRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Legalized For Terminally Ill People1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe word euthanasia has a Greek meaning â€Å"the good death. On the other hand, in the society today, there are deeper and more meanings to euthanasia than before. Voluntary euthanasia concerns itself with the consent of the person to die through the assistance of others. Voluntary euthanasia can be divided into two areas: passive voluntary witch is holding back medical treatment with the patient’s request, active voluntary killing the patient at that patient s request informing the assistant on howRead More Euthanasia Should Not Be Legal Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia is a word that comes from ancient Greece and it refers to â€Å"good death†. In the modern societies euthanasia is defined as taking away people’s lives who suffer from an in curable disease. They usually go through this process by painlessness ways to avoid the greatest pains that occurs from the disease. A huge number of countries in the World are against euthanasia and any specific type of it. One of the most important things being discussed nowadays is whether euthanasia should beRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1050 Words   |  5 Pagesend quickly, but knew it was not going to happen. If euthanasia and/or assisted suicide was legalized, perhaps his wish could have been true. Unfortunately, euthanasia is only legal in the states of Oregon and Washington at the current time. Euthanasia is considered immoral and wrong for contradicting a doctor’s job. However, it saves families the horrible sight of their loved ones dying, safeguards being up to protect any abuse towards euthanasia, and ultimate choice of being euthanized is upon theRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Voluntary Active Euthanasia Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagessuicide and vol untary active euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is when the patient is prescribed lethal medicine by the doctor to commit suicide. While, voluntary active euthanasia is when a physician takes an active role in the action of killing the patient. There is often debate on whether or not any of these actions should be legalized in all states. Physician assisted suicide is legal in Oregon, California, Montana, Vermont, and Washington. Voluntary active euthanasia is illegal throughout theRead MoreEuthanasia Essay993 Words   |  4 Pagesyou believe?/ What is your opinion? Euthanasia is not wrong. Euthanasia can be a morally correct under appropriate supervision. What about the terms/definitions? Are they clear? What kind of problems or ambiguities arise here? The term Euthanasia is known by most ordinary people as it is a famous issue that still remain debatable. There should not be any problem understanding the argument of euthanasia is not wrong. Except the level of acceptance of Euthanasia the argument is trying to convey. TheRead MoreThe Ethical Debate On Non Voluntary Euthanasia963 Words   |  4 PagesThe ethical debate on non-voluntary euthanasia is a complex issue due to its multifaceted nature. This topic examines the morality of ending a human’s life in circumstances where the person is incapable of issuing explicit consent. These cases would include utilizing euthanasia on very young children or someone in a vegetative state. There lacks consent with young children since they cannot speak to provide consent. Explicit consent is lacking with someone in a vegetative state since they areRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Voluntary Active Euthanasia Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagessuicide and voluntary active euthanasia. Phy sician assisted suicide is when the patient is prescribed lethal medicine by the doctor to commit suicide. Meanwhile, voluntary active euthanasia is when a physician takes an active role in the act of killing the patient. There is often debate on whether or not any of these actions should be legalized in all states. Physician assisted suicide is legal in Oregon, California, Montana, Vermont, and Washington. Voluntary active euthanasia is illegal throughout theRead MoreEssay on Euthanasia a Topic Surrounded by Controversies780 Words   |  4 Pages Euthanasia is a very controversial subject, due to the fact it’s a way of painless killing of a patient suffering from a debilitating disease that cannot be cured, or the patient is in a coma and has no way of coming out of it. In this case some societies consider it’s a good way of dying, as it is done to relieve pain and suffering. Some, especially most of religious individuals, consider this a form of a murder, which rai ses a question of morality. In this article, the author is discussing the

Analysis Of Business Change Solutions And Business Needs †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Business Change Solutions And Business Needs. Answer: Core competence a business analyst should have Synopsis: Business analysis has the potential to provide great benefits to business by ensuring that there is alignment between business change solutions and business needs. There are many potential for organizations to improve their information system that can offer competitive advantages but in reality, often it is out of reach. Organizations also seeking solutions to business issues and potential. In order to achieve this goals, business manager needs assist by some expert who have desired set of skills. These factors have laid directlyto the development of their business analyst role. Reflection: there are multiple role a business analyst should take in order to predict business profits for business change initiatives. The major issue occurs as an analyst is defining the business analyst role (Bryson 2018). Across a range of business forums, discussion with several hundred business analyst role does not always accurate represents the range of responsibilities that business analysts are capable of fulfilling. According to the BABOK business analysis can be define as set of techniques and tasks to provide solution to achieve desired goals and avoid future risks (Hass 2011). Business analyst is responsible for perform business analysis activities. For cases like when project team produces solutions for stakeholders through communicate requirement. If client is not satisfied with the solution the project fails. So all BA must have better understanding of Usability engineering.Business analysis practices as 32 tasks are described in BABOK focused on effectively perform business analysis. Critique: usually business analysts are often referred as subject matter expert (SME). However business persons are realizing the lake of effective business analysis for just depends on subject matter experts. Subject matter experts are also equally important but business analyst can enhance the business analysis practices further. BA must also familiar with the object oriented analysis and ensuring quality control. A Business analyst should have better understanding of skills and planning facility user acceptance testing plusensuring the aspects that every stakeholders is undertaken for the validate and verify the requirements. Critical skills for a successful design and develop technology redevelopment Synopsis: business analyst has crucial role in small or large business to embark on productivity and develop technology redevelopment. For ensuring the successful design and redevelop technology they needs some set of skills. These skilled professionals are responsible for ensuring requirements before technical or any other kind of solution is designed and plan the life-cycle to ensure the requirements meets the final solution and end-user is satisfied. An analyst must have several skills such as Business analysis skills, documentation and specification skills, critical thinking skills, communication skills and problem solving skills. Reflection:According to the Hill and Olding the BPA needs a combination of technical skills such as orchestration, decomposition including process modeling skills. There are several skills required in different business cycle. BPM CYCLE Business Analyst skills Stakeholders Knowledge about vision, goals and business strategy. Business process level design phase Familiarity of process model in tools such as EPC, BPMN. Knowledge of process auditing. Communication and interpersonal skills. Models for Strategy and knowledge audit plan Synopsis: In this topic the models of strategy analysis are discussed widely. Organizations should aware of the upcoming problems or predicted issues possible can appear in future. In business environment this type of issues `occurs often and uncertainty organizations are unable to predict the problems or had no plan to encounter them can turn to failure of any certain project or entire enterprise. To avoid this type of failures business analyst should consider some strategy analysis of both internal and external business environment. Reflection: For external analysis mainly there are two types of analysis is available porters five forces analysis and PESTLE analysis (Paul, Yeates and Cadle 2014). The analyst of the external environment is an ongoing process for senior management. From this analysis vital factors can deliver insights into issues for the opportunities or future for new successes. By doing internal analysis organizations offers insights into the area of weakness and strength. Internal analysis is needed to understand the fundamental skills of organizations so that associate sequences of actions can be acknowledged (Prahalad 2008). Utilizing the results of this type of analysis organizations can implement or change their current knowledge to gain the chance of success. There is no fact to adopt approaches associates with area of resources where strong capabilities are lacking. Mainly there are three techniques used to analyze internal factors such as Resource Audit, Most analysis and Boston Box. Porter five force model Critique: In the case of external analysis utilizing both pestle and porter five force model together can help to provide a detailed situation of futuristic problems. However, just using one model may leave gaps in understanding and knowledge (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016). This analysis can be done efficiently under the business analyst supervision to ensure capturing every aspects of internal and external analysis. All organization must manage and monitor every performance and also needs to measure performance in an efficient manner. Business analyst also have responsibility to outline the tactics that will allow the enterprise to accomplish its strategy, recognize the strategic options that will be address a particular situation and will assist the delivery of the business strategy. Relationship between organizational strategy and knowledge audit plan. Knowledge has esteem, and learning can present power as Sir Francis Bacon brought up in a book distributed in 1597. Both give the motivation important to it to be "managed" If it is acknowledged that a basic administration part incorporates "control" at that point the individuals who have information in whatever area and endeavored to practice some control over its scattering and utilize. Thus the individuals who don't have the learning may look to practice some control over the individuals who do have it (Sutcliffe and Sawyer 2014). Also, where information seems to struggle, each gathering endeavors to ensure control over the learning of the other. Today a lot of what is considered to be information comes from its support by the individuals who have authority and power instead of from thorough enquiry and confirmation. Also, cases can be referred to from most fields of try, including the universe of business (Quinn 2011). Those who have the power and expert are hesitant to surrender that the information which they claim to have and which they may have utilized instrumentally to fill some need, could be false and that in tolerating the substitution of their insight by the new learning they might be likewise be yielding their situation as the specialist One of the recent case shows more explanation and lessons. ENRON a multinational company, recently tried to enhance its stakeholders and double-deal the community by compromise the information regarding their trading performance. This provides apparent knowledge to the market and later proven as false and criminal duplicitous. Familiar with the outward knowledge of ENRONs presentation by which they rated AAA by credit rating agencies. That make the ENRON one of the most successful organization as a sample of best practice in the energy field. Inside survey results shows that, employees of the ENRON enjoyed working because of knowledge sharing environment (Mutch 2008). What ENRON demonstrated is an example of the use of, what Thompson outlines as Counter knowledge Leadership and team building skills Synopsis: The leadership skills and the team building skills are an important factor for a business analyst. This section defines the skills in the field of team building and the leadership that is required. All the projects are done in a team. A particular team is assigned for doing the work of the project. The business analyst should be capable enough to identify the people who are capable of performing the particular task. Under leadership skill the business analyst should have the capability of handling the various teams and address the requirements of the team. Reflection: The team building and the leadership skill are the most important skill that the business analyst should posses. The business analyst should have the capability of identifying the people who are capable for performing a particular work in a project. The team is formed by assembling team who are capable to perform the task. This is the team building capability that the business analyst should possess (Moore et al. 2015). This will help in the increasing the productivity of the team and the organization as a whole. The leadership skill that the business analyst should posses is that the business analyst should have an idea about the topics of the project. As a leader the person should have the knowledge about the topic of the projects so that if any of the team faces any difficulty then the problem can be solved by the business analyst. Critique: The improper functioning of the business analyst in the field of the team building and the leadership skills refers to the failure of the project. Building of a team that is not suitable to perform the work or the team members are not compatible with each other may cause the project to be incomplete (Hathaway 2014). It may not be possible for the team to complete the project. The lack of the leadership qualities may also be a problem for the organization and the completion of the project may become difficult for the organization. If there is lack of the leadership qualities in the business analyst then the analysis of the business is difficult for the analyst. As a result of which the understanding of the employees regarding the task may be wrong. Key process involved in understanding context Finding the correct methodologies for your business is unmistakably a major test. In any case, executing them frequently turns out to be a significantly better obstacle for senior directors and research persistently validates that numerous enterprises, huge and little, battle to convey the concurred methodologies to realization. Accordingly, overall industry parts, there is a developing accentuation being set on building execution abilities inside undertakings. The idea of your key procedures will normally rely on the sort of business you work however by and large all tourism organizations have comparable procedures; it's a matter of scale and size as far as the utilization of those procedures that is the genuine difference between organizations (Dalkir 2013). As you investigate how to improved deal with your procedures, a legitimate beginning stage is to be strong as to what they seem to be; in doing as such, it's critical not to make this excessively entangled an activity and despite the fact that there are numerous approaches to classifications your procedures, a straightforward method is to assemble organizations procedures beneath headlines, for example,: Core Processes core process are the perilous and business-wide processes that are fundamental to how organizations manage and business, they ca be conclude as Human Resources Finance Quality/CRM Leadership Marketing Innovation Supporting Processes there will also be a range of supporting processes that help the business to run smoothly and these may include: Administration Purchasing Information technology Environmental management Operational Processes these will vary by business type, but in a tourism context will likely include: Meetings and Events Accommodation Leisure Front Office Production There are also some other key process involved in understanding context such defining targets associates with business goals and performance of process. Certifying that the process is clearly defined to all the stakeholders and then mapped out (Goleman 2017). It is also essential to assembly the business case to senior management when extra assets are necessary to develop the process, and if resources are forthcoming the returns outlining must generated. Monitoring the performance of the process alongside the goals set and following the influence of developments. Functioning with stakeholders and employees to describe probable developments to the progression which meet end-user requirements but do so by providing maximum quality and efficiency. Implementing improvements to the process on a continuous basis. Requirement Elicitation (RE) is characterized as the way toward acquiring an extensive comprehension of stakeholder's fundamentals. It is the underlying and principle procedure of necessities building stage. Elicitation process as a regulation includes association with stakeholders to obtain their unpretentious desires. It effects clients to prompt their requirements and longings from the new techniques (Goetsch and Davis 2014). RE is a perplexing procedure as it constitutes looking for, deciding, picking up, securing, finding and explaining prerequisites of potential partner The Requirements Elicitation strategies that can be utilized are Questionnaires, Interviews Joint, Application Development (JAD), Observation Brainstorming, and so forth. There is no perfect skill that appliance in all circumstances (Kamath and Kamath 2018). One procedure is suitable for one specific circumstance and different works unsurpassed at some other circumstance. Shortcoming of one method can be killed by some other system. Utilizing assortment of procedures guarantees revealing the majority of the prerequisites and subsequently brings about compelling necessities elicitation. RE is typically the inadequately finished procedure of necessities building stage. Applying unseemly procedures impacts affects the framework improvement which thusly influences prerequisites of partners. RE process should be dealt with precisely by applying suitable systems adequately towards the general population. Experts need exhaustive information about every one of the procedures at exactly that point they can choose the proper one. References Bentley, K.A., Omer, T.C. and Sharp, N.Y., 2013. Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), pp.780-817. Bryson, J.M., 2018.Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement. John Wiley Sons. Council of Writing Program Administrators, 2003 Defining and avoiding plagiarism: The WPA statement on best practices, viewed on 16th December 2014, https://wpacouncil.org/positions/WPAplagiarism.pdf Dalkir, K., 2013.Knowledge management in theory and practice. Routledge. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Goleman, D., 2017.Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Hass, K. 2011, The Enterprise Analyst: Developing creative solutions to complex business problems, Management Concepts, Inc, Hass, K. 2011, The Enterprise Analyst: Developing creative solutions to complex business problems, Management Concepts. Hathaway, T 2014, What is business analysis?, viewed on 14 January 2015, https://businessanalysisexperts.com/what-is-business-analysis/ International Institute of Business Analysis, 2009 Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge BABOK, Version 2, viewed on 16th December 2014, https://www.iiba.org/babok-guide.aspx Kamath, P. and Kamath, P. (2018).The Eight Competencies of Highly Effective IT Business Analysts. [online] BA Times. Available at: https://www.batimes.com/articles/the-eight-competencies-of-highly-effective-it-business-analysts.html [Accessed 31 Mar. 2018]. Moore, G.F., Audrey, S., Barker, M., Bond, L., Bonell, C., Hardeman, W., Moore, L., OCathain, A., Tinati, T., Wight, D. and Baird, J., 2015. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance.bmj,350, p.h1258. Mutch, A. 2008, Managing Information and Knowledge in Organisations London: Routledge. Paul D., Yeates, D., Cadle, J., 2014 Business Analysis, British informatics Society Ltd, Chapters 1 2 Prahalad, C.K, 2008 The role of core competencies in the corporation in The strategy of managing innovation and technology, Milson, M.R and Wilemon, D., Pentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Quinn, MJ 2012, Ethics for the information age, Pearson, Boston. Sonteya, T and Seymour, L., 2012, 'Towards an understanding of the business process analyst: An analysis of competencies', Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 43-63. Sutcliffe, A. and Sawyer, P., 2013, July. Requirements elicitation: Towards the unknown unknowns. InRequirements Engineering Conference (RE), 2013 21st IEEE International(pp. 92-104). IEEE. Wasserstein, R.L. and Lazar, N.A., 2016. The ASA's statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose.

The Benefits of Global Teams Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the the Major Challenges that are faced by Organisations when Managing Global Teams. Introduction For achieving success in a global economy, an increasing number of organisations today are relying on a workforce that is geographically dispersed. They attempt to build up global teams comprising people from across the world who possess the best expertise functionally and also have in depth knowledge of the local and promising markets. By forming global teams such organisations draw on the benefits that are offered by international diversity and they also bring together individuals from varied cultural backgrounds, differing work experiences and possessing distinct perspectives on strategic as well as organisational challenges. These factors assist the multinational organisations to compete in todays business environment. However, the managers leading such global teams have to face stiff challenges. Creation of successful work groups is easier when everybody is local and the same office space is shared by them but when the members of the team belong to different nations, have varied functional background and work from different locations, challenges can be posed in the form of rapid deterioration of communication, misunderstanding and degeneration of cooperation into distrust (Neeley, 2015). This business research will discuss the challenges that are faced by organisations in managing global teams. Project Objective The main objectives of this business research are as follows To identify as well as describe the major challenges that are faced by organisations when managing global teams To develop an in-depth understanding of the ways in which these challenges are managed by the project managers in the virtual teams of the global projects Project Scope The designing of a theoretical framework will be done for research purposes. It will provide the definition of the concept of virtual teams and the major challenges associated with managing global teams of the dispersed projects. However, it does not take into consideration the experience of conducting any such virtual project. The focus will be on collection of expertise, knowledge and opinions of international experts from across the globe so that fresh ideas can be found on ways of dealing with the challenges and also on how to maintain trustworthy profitable relationships and day to day working interaction within the global teams. Literature Review From the perspective of an organisation, there are several benefits associated with global teams. These consist of opportunity for hiring talented employees irrespective of the geography, a work day that continues round the clock, reduction in costs along with increase in speed towards the markets (Filev, 2013). Improvements in customer services and productivity can occur if the virtual teams are designed as well as implemented in the correct way (A.D. Harris, 2005). However, there are also several challenges associated with the management of global teams and their effective management requires knowledge as well as understanding of the fundamental principles in relation to team dynamics irrespective of the space, time and communication distinction between face-to-face and virtual environments (Berry, 2011). Global Teams Global teams have been described as teams that are diverse culturally and also dispersed geographically (McDonough, Kahn, Barczak, 2004). Several international organisations build up global teams since it is viewed as effective manner of operating in global settings. Working in global teams requires the organisation to possess deeper understanding related to the mixed skills of the employees who belong to distinct countries and it also requires the managers to think beyond the collocated practices of project management. Thus, the global teams have to be knowledgeable in fields of coaching, conflict resolution, trust building, team building and coaching so as to build collaboration in an effective way (Binder, 2007). Global virtual teams are teams that consist of individuals from different locations geographically or / and different backgrounds culturally who rely on the technology of communication in order to interact with each other to a certain extent (Carter, Seely, Dagosta, DeCh urch, Zaccaro, 2014). Such team have also been defined as interdependent virtual team, the members of which are geographically as well as time dispersed throughout the national and cultural boundaries (Wildman Griffith, 2014). Challenges posed in Managing Global Teams Cultural Differences The greatest challenge faced by project managers in managing global teams is the cultural diversity that is possessed by the stakeholders as well as the team members working in various locations (Stolovitsky, 2012). A high degree of cultural difference between the members of the global team can result in an increased number of challenges, some of which the management might be having little experience of handling. Different cultures of the members of the global team can at times be the source of misunderstandings and conflicts. Cultural differences might also result in difficulties of coordination and prove to be an obstacle for effective communication (Powell, Piccoli, Ives, 2004). Hence it becomes crucial for the project managers to apply certain basic rules as well as practices so that they can gain advantage of cross-cultural communication. However, most of the authors are of the view that challenges posed by cultural understanding hold the key for successful performance (Hofsted e, Hofstede, Michael., Minkov., 2010). Communication In the virtual environment, majority of the communication that exists is non-verbal. This is the reason why it turns out to be a key issue for managing the global teams successfully. In a project environment of traditional type, the project managers possess the opportunity of communicating and implementing projects with the members of the team who are located in the similar geographical and physical location. In such cases face-to-face communication can be utilise as the primary communication method (Lee, 2013). Such communication methods are usually absent in case of global teams. The members of the global team do not possess the facility of reading the body language of their colleagues until a videoconference is arranged. The accessibility to listening to the tone of voice is also limited as the major ways to communicate comprise instant messaging, text and email (Plazas, 2013). The absence of face behind the words can lead to allocation of incorrect messages and emotions. This has increased the curiosity of finding out the ways in which communication can be managed in global teams. Trust Issues related to trust in virtual teams are usually present during the start of the project. As time is usually taken for building trust, most of the research papers indicate that people begin to trust others whom they meet on a regular basis sooner in comparison to an environment wherein communication takes place primarily by means of electronic technology. Addition of diverse backgrounds and language related difficulties makes it all the more complex (Duarte Snyder, 2006). The core of almost all the knowledge dissemination models in global teams comprises of trust in other members (Rosen, Furst, Blackburn, 2007). However, while efforts are put in for establishing trust in virtual teams, a more sceptical approach is adopted by others and they are of the view that for fostering trust face-to-face communication is required (Oertig Buergi, 2006). In the absence of trust between co-workers, proper functioning of the global teams is hampered. Although building as well as maintaining trust in a traditional and physical place of work is difficult, it becomes all the more difficult in a virtual environment where people usually are required to work with somebody whom they might not have met in person. When the global teams span across distinct cultures, it can result in cropping up of misunderstandings which are hard to detect and difficult to address. Additionally, global team rarely give time allocation for building relationships as there is no introductory meeting. Hence, in difficult times, it is difficult to give up all the things for talks which will be able to eliminate conflicts and repair relationships on the basis of cultural misunderstandings and mistrust (Kerravala, 2014). Differences of Time Zones Time is one of the issues in global teams as the members of the team are dispersed over varying time zones (Sankey Lee-Kelley, 2008). The utilisation of asynchronous technologies can help in overcoming various daylight working. However, a gap is still left between question and answer and such delays can prove to be inefficient and stressful in projects of critical nature. Even though the use of communication technology helps in bringing global team members together at virtually the same time, the impact of time zones cannot be completely mitigated by it (Piecewicz, 2010). The members of global teams thus need to identify the factors associated with time zone as the main dependency from the time of start of the project related initiatives. Conflicts Navigation of disputes that occur between members of the team is not easy. Conflicts between employees can turn out to be poisonous and cause damage in productivity, crushing of creativity as well as squashing of morale. Conflicts that remain unresolved cause lot of destruction in a traditional workplace. It is obvious that their complexity will increase in a virtual environment where the people lack proximity of working on their cultural differences and problems face-to-face. Conflicts in case of global teams are more likely to impact the performance in a negative way. Such conflicts are also more likely to be escalated (Petersen, 2014). Conflicts can be related to tasks or relationships. Interpersonal or relationship conflicts comprise effective components such as friction and tension. They consist of personal issues such as annoyance, personality clashes and mutual dislike among the team members. Conflicts which are task based are a reflection of the contradictory viewpoints in relation to implementation of working tasks. Language Differences Language is another significant challenge of managing global teams. English is the language that is spoken in most of the teams across the world. However, when English is spoken on a professional level as a second language it can result in several major misunderstandings as reaching the levels of the mother tongue is very difficult. Additionally, English itself also varies across nations even in those nations where it happens to be the official language such as in Singapore, Great Britain, Australia and the United States. In these nations also meanings of words can differ (Zakaria, Amelinckx, Wilemon, 2004). Even if each member of the team is able to speak English well, all of them speak it in their own ways which leads to another challenge of language knowhow (Oertig Buergi, 2006). Technological Differences As the global teams are dependent on technology for communicating, it is crucial to have knowledge of the ways in which technology can be used. The technological skills of the members of the team differ widely. It is critical to know not only the usage of a particular technology but also which technology is suitable for which purpose. Thus, efficient use of technology is very important. The above discussion shows that the managers of the global teams should know how to manage the challenges associated with cultural differences, communication, conflicts, trust, technological differences, variations in time zones and find out ways of overcoming the functional as well as cultural diversity in global teams that can be a cause of mistrust among the team members (Elbrahim, 2009). The expansion of the number of challenges continues to take place as new problems are being identified by the researchers when they try to manage global teams. The challenges that managers face while leading these global teams can thus be summed as the challenges associated with building virtual relationships, challenges associated with observation, evaluation, measurement and assessment of the work being done along with the skill development of every member of the global team (Zofi, 2011). Conclusion The benefits of global teams are recognised greatly in literature but research concentrating on challenges associated with managing such teams is scarce. The current study thus focuses on the challenges in managing global teams. The project managers managing such teams need to overcome several barriers like cultural issues, absence of face-to-face communication, temporal and geographical distances, issues related to trust, varied styles of communication and technological challenges. Consequently, management of global teams is not only more complex but also different from the management of traditional teams. Bibliography A.D., A., Harris, D. 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